Colorectal cancer | Diagnosis & treatment options in Turkey 2025

Risk factors for colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer, one of the most common cancers worldwide, develops in the colon and rectum, the last two sections of the large intestine. It often results from the progressive transformation of polyps, initially benign growths, into malignant tumors. Although this is a serious disease, early detection, and appropriate treatment can greatly improve the chances of recovery.

Several factors can increase the risk of developing colorectal cancer:

• Age: The risk increases with age, with the majority of cases diagnosed after age 50.
• Family history: People with a family history of colorectal cancer or adenomatous polyps are at increased risk.
• Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are associated with increased risk.
• Diet: A diet high in saturated fat, red and processed meats, and low in fiber may promote its development.
• Obesity and sedentary lifestyle: Excess weight and lack of physical activity are known risk factors.
• Smoking and alcohol: Excessive alcohol consumption and smoking also increase the risk.

Symptoms of colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer can be asymptomatic in its early stages, but there are some warning signs. If you notice persistent changes in your bowel habits, such as diarrhea, constipation, or a feeling of urgency to have a bowel movement, see your doctor.

The presence of red or black blood in the stool is another important sign not to ignore. Persistent abdominal pain, cramping, or severe unexplained fatigue, as well as weight loss for no apparent reason, may also be symptoms of colorectal cancer. It is important to consult a healthcare professional in Turkey for an accurate diagnosis and to discuss appropriate treatment options.

Screening and diagnosis

Early detection of colorectal cancer is essential to improve the chances of cure. The later the tumor is detected, the more complex the treatment and the worse the prognosis. That's why regular screening is so important.

Screening is primarily aimed at people between the ages of 50 and 75, as more than half of all cases occur after the age of 70. However, it is important to note that age is not the only risk factor. Family history, inflammatory bowel disease, and certain lifestyle choices can also increase the risk of developing colorectal cancer.

Several screening methods are available, each with its advantages and disadvantages:

Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT)

The Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) is a simple, non-invasive test that can be done at home. It detects the presence of traces of blood in the stool, which can be a sign of cancer or other digestive problems. If the FOBT is positive, further tests are needed to confirm the diagnosis.

Colonoscopy

Colonoscopy is a more invasive test, but it uses a camera to view the inside of the colon and rectum. This test can detect polyps, which are abnormal growths that can develop into cancer. A colonoscopy can also be used to remove polyps and take biopsies if cancer is suspected.

Talk to your doctor in Turkey about the best colon cancer screening method for you.

Colorectal cancer treatment options in Turkey

Colorectal cancer treatment in Turkey varies depending on the stage of the disease. Early diagnosis is crucial to maximize the chances of therapeutic success. The main treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted drug therapies. Here's a detailed look at these approaches:

Colorectal surgery

Colorectal surgery is the most common treatment for colorectal cancer. The goal is to remove the part of the colon or rectum affected by the cancer and a margin of healthy tissue to ensure that all cancer cells have been removed. In cases of early-stage colorectal cancer, it is sometimes possible to remove cancerous polyps during a colonoscopy, which is a less invasive procedure.

In cases where a large portion of the rectum needs to be removed, a colostomy may be necessary. During this procedure, an opening (stoma) is created in the abdomen to allow waste to leave the body in a pouch. The colostomy may be temporary or permanent, depending on the extent of the surgery.

Radiation therapy and chemotherapy

When cancer has reached an advanced stage and has spread to other organs (metastasized),radiation therapy and chemotherapy may be considered. The goal of these treatments is to destroy the cancer cells, but they can be used in different ways:

• Palliative treatment: When cure is no longer an option, these treatments aim to relieve symptoms, improve quality of life, and prolong survival.
• Adjuvant treatment: After surgery or other treatment, radiation or chemotherapy may be given to reduce the risk of recurrence and to eliminate any remaining cancer cells.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy involves the administration of cytotoxic drugs, often intravenously or orally. These drugs work throughout the body, targeting rapidly dividing cancer cells. However, they can also affect healthy cells, causing side effects such as hair loss, nausea, fatigue, and decreased immune resistance.

Radiation therapy

Radiation therapy uses high-energy radiation (X-rays or electrons) to damage the DNA of cancer cells and stop them from multiplying. It is often used to treat localized tumors. Radiation therapy can be given in several ways:

• External radiation therapy: The radiation source is outside the body and directs the radiation to the tumor.
• Internal radiation therapy (brachytherapy): A radioactive source is placed inside or near the tumor.

Targeted therapies

Targeted therapies are newer treatments designed to block the growth and spread of cancer cells by targeting specific abnormalities in tumor cells. For example, bevacizumab is a drug that prevents the formation of new blood vessels that feed the tumor.

Targeted therapies are often used in combination with chemotherapy to treat metastatic colorectal cancer.

Comprehensive patient management

In addition to the treatments mentioned above, colorectal cancer care in Turkey also includes regular follow-up, psychological support and supportive care to help patients cope with the side effects of treatment and improve their quality of life.